Pearce, J. M. & Bouton, M. E. Theories of associative learning in animals. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52, 111–139 (2001).
Sotres-Bayon, F. & Quirk, G. J. Prefrontal control of fear: more than just extinction. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20, 231–235 (2010).
Herry, C. & Johansen, J. P. Encoding of fear learning and memory in distributed neuronal circuits. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 1644–1654 (2014).
Klavir, O., Prigge, M., Sarel, A., Paz, R. & Yizhar, O. Manipulating fear associations via optogenetic modulation of amygdala inputs to prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 836–844 (2017).
Laubach, M., Wessberg, J. & Nicolelis, M. A. Cortical ensemble activity increasingly predicts behaviour outcomes during learning of a motor task. Nature 405, 567–571 (2000).
Ährlund-Richter, S. et al. A whole-brain atlas of monosynaptic input targeting four different cell types in the medial prefrontal cortex of the mouse. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 657–668 (2019).
Kennerley, S. W., Walton, M. E., Behrens, T. E., Buckley, M. J. & Rushworth, M. F. Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 9, 940–947 (2006).
Saez, A., Rigotti, M., Ostojic, S., Fusi, S. & Salzman, C. D. Abstract context representations in primate amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Neuron 87, 869–881 (2015).
Salay, L. D., Ishiko, N. & Huberman, A. D. A midline thalamic circuit determines reactions to visual threat. Nature 557, 183–189 (2018).
Hayden, B. Y. & Platt, M. L. Neurons in anterior cingulate cortex multiplex information about reward and action. J. Neurosci. 30, 3339–3346 (2010).
Do-Monte, F. H., Quiñones-Laracuente, K. & Quirk, G. J. A temporal shift in the circuits mediating retrieval of fear memory. Nature 519, 460–463 (2015).
Taub, A. H., Perets, R., Kahana, E. & Paz, R. Oscillations synchronize amygdala-to-prefrontal primate circuits during aversive learning. Neuron 97, 291–298 (2018).
Courtin, J. et al. Prefrontal parvalbumin interneurons shape neuronal activity to drive fear expression. Nature 505, 92–96 (2014).
Dejean, C. et al. Prefrontal neuronal assemblies temporally control fear behaviour. Nature 535, 420–424 (2016).
Karalis, N. et al. 4-Hz oscillations synchronize prefrontal-amygdala circuits during fear behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 605–612 (2016).
Likhtik, E., Stujenske, J. M., Topiwala, M. A., Harris, A. Z. & Gordon, J. A. Prefrontal entrainment of amygdala activity signals safety in learned fear and innate anxiety. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 106–113 (2014).
Burgos-Robles, A. et al. Amygdala inputs to prefrontal cortex guide behavior amid conflicting cues of reward and punishment. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 824–835 (2017).
Diehl, M. M. et al. Active avoidance requires inhibitory signaling in the rodent prelimbic prefrontal cortex. eLife 7, e34657 (2018).
Bravo-Rivera, C., Roman-Ortiz, C., Brignoni-Perez, E., Sotres-Bayon, F. & Quirk, G. J. Neural structures mediating expression and extinction of platform-mediated avoidance. J. Neurosci. 34, 9736–9742 (2014).
Capuzzo, G. & Floresco, S. B. Prelimbic and infralimbic prefrontal regulation of active and inhibitory avoidance and reward-seeking. J. Neurosci. 40, 4773–4787 (2020).
Yu, B. M. et al. Gaussian-process factor analysis for low-dimensional single-trial analysis of neural population activity. J. Neurophysiol. 102, 614–635 (2009).
Rozeske, R. R. et al. Prefrontal-periaqueductal gray-projecting neurons mediate context fear discrimination. Neuron 97, 898–910.e6 (2018).
Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. Numerical Ecology (Developments in Environmental Modelling) (Elsevier, 1998).
Rigotti, M. et al. The importance of mixed selectivity in complex cognitive tasks. Nature 497, 585–590 (2013).
Choi, J. S., Cain, C. K. & LeDoux, J. E. The role of amygdala nuclei in the expression of auditory signaled two-way active avoidance in rats. Learn. Mem. 17, 139–147 (2010).
Quirk, G. J., Repa, C. & LeDoux, J. E. Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: parallel recordings in the freely behaving rat. Neuron 15, 1029–1039 (1995).
Duvarci, S. & Pare, D. Amygdala microcircuits controlling learned fear. Neuron 82, 966–980 (2014).
Pape, H. C. & Pare, D. Plastic synaptic networks of the amygdala for the acquisition, expression, and extinction of conditioned fear. Physiol. Rev. 90, 419–463 (2010).
Goosens, K. A., Hobin, J. A. & Maren, S. Auditory-evoked spike firing in the lateral amygdala and Pavlovian fear conditioning: mnemonic code or fear bias? Neuron 40, 1013–1022 (2003).
Senn, V. et al. Long-range connectivity defines behavioral specificity of amygdala neurons. Neuron 81, 428–437 (2014).
Sotres-Bayon, F., Sierra-Mercado, D., Pardilla-Delgado, E. & Quirk, G. J. Gating of fear in prelimbic cortex by hippocampal and amygdala inputs. Neuron 76, 804–812 (2012).
Poremba, A. & Gabriel, M. Amygdalar lesions block discriminative avoidance learning and cingulothalamic training-induced neuronal plasticity in rabbits. J. Neurosci. 17, 5237–5244 (1997).
Sierra-Mercado, D., Padilla-Coreano, N. & Quirk, G. J. Dissociable roles of prelimbic and infralimbic cortices, ventral hippocampus, and basolateral amygdala in the expression and extinction of conditioned fear. Neuropsychopharmacology 36, 529–538 (2011).
Ramirez, F., Moscarello, J. M., LeDoux, J. E. & Sears, R. M. Active avoidance requires a serial basal amygdala to nucleus accumbens shell circuit. J. Neurosci. 35, 3470–3477 (2015).
LeDoux, J. E., Moscarello, J., Sears, R. & Campese, V. The birth, death and resurrection of avoidance: a reconceptualization of a troubled paradigm. Mol. Psychiatry 22, 24–36 (2017).
Mathis, A. et al. DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1281–1289 (2018).
Franklin, K. B. J. & Paxinos, G. The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates (Academic, 2001).
Meyers, E. M., Qi, X. L. & Constantinidis, C. Incorporation of new information into prefrontal cortical activity after learning working memory tasks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 4651–4656 (2012).
More News
China’s Chang’e-6 launches successfully — what happens next?
African wild dogs with pleading eyes sparks rethink of dog evolution
Author Correction: Stepwise activation of a metabotropic glutamate receptor – Nature