Self, S., Thordarson, T. & Widdowson, M. Gas fluxes from flood basalt eruptions. Elements 1, 283–287 (2005).
Thordarson, T. & Self, S. The Laki (Skaftár fires) and Grímsvötn eruptions in 1783–1785. Bull. Volcanol. 55, 233–263 (1993).
Carracedo, J. C., Badiola, E. R. & Soler, V. The 1730–1736 eruption of Lanzarote, Canary Islands: a long, high-magnitude basaltic fissure eruption. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 53, 239–250 (1992).
Garcia, M. O., Pietruszka, A. J., Rhodes, J. M. & Swanson, K. Magmatic processes during the prolonged Pu’u ’O’o eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. J. Petrol. 41, 967–990 (2000).
Bindeman, I. N. et al. Diverse mantle components with invariant oxygen isotopes in the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption, Iceland. Nat. Commun. 13, 3737 (2022).
Sigmundsson, F. et al. Deformation and seismicity decline before the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption. Nature 609, 523–528 (2022).
Halldórsson, S. A. et al. Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland. Nature 609, 529–534 (2022).
Schilling, J. G. Iceland mantle plume: geochemical study of Reykjanes Ridge. Nature 242, 565–571 (1973).
Wolfe, C. J., Bjarnason, I., VanDecar, J. C. & Solomon, S. C. Seismic structure of the Iceland mantle plume. Nature 385, 245–247 (1997).
Hilton, D. R., Grönvold, K., Macpherson, C. G. & Castillo, P. R. Extreme 3He/4He ratios in northwest Iceland: constraining the common component in mantle plumes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 173, 53–60 (1999).
Murton, B. J., Taylor, R. N. & Thirlwall, M. F. Plume–ridge interaction: a geochemical perspective from the Reykjanes Ridge. J. Petrol. 43, 1987–2012 (2022).
Sæmundsson, K., Sigurgeirsson, M. Á. & Friðleifsson, G. Ó. Geology and structure of the Reykjanes volcanic system, Iceland. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 391, 106501 (2020).
Krmíček, L., Troll, V. R., Galiová, M. V., Thordarson, T. & Brabec, M. Trace element composition in olivine from the 2022 Meradalir eruption of the Fagradalsfjall Fires, SW-Iceland. Czech Polar Rep. 12, 222–231 (2022).
Kahl, M. et al. Deep magma mobilization years before the 2021 CE Fagradalsfjall eruption, Iceland. Geology 51, 184–188 (2023).
Flóvenz, Ó. G. et al. Cyclical geothermal unrest as a precursor to Iceland’s 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption. Nat. Geosci. 15, 397–404 (2022).
Day, J. M. D. et al. Mantle source characteristics and magmatic processes during the 2021 La Palma eruption. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 597, 117793 (2022).
Hofmann, A. W., Jochum, K. P., Seufert, M. & White, W. M. Nb and Pb in oceanic basalts: new constraints on mantle evolution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 79, 33–45 (1986).
Macpherson, C. G., Hilton, D. R., Day, J. M. D., Lowry, D. & Grönvold, K. High-3He/4He, depleted mantle and low-δ18O, recycled oceanic lithosphere in the source of central Iceland magmatism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 233, 411–427 (2005).
Skovgaard, A. C., Storey, M., Baker, J., Blusztajn, J. & Hart, S. R. Osmium–oxygen isotopic evidence for a recycled and strongly depleted component in the Iceland mantle plume. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 194, 259–275 (2001).
Huppert, H. E. & Sparks, R. S. J. Cooling and contamination of mafic and ultramafic magmas during ascent through continental crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 74, 371–386 (1985).
Devey, C. W. & Cox, K. G. Relationships between crustal contamination and crystallisation in continental flood basalt magmas with special reference to the Deccan Traps of the Western Ghats, India. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 84, 59–68 (1987).
Day, J. M. D. Hotspot volcanism and highly siderophile elements. Chem. Geol. 341, 50–74 (2013).
Larsen, L. M., Pedersen, A. K., Sundvoll, B. & Frei, R. Alkali picrites formed by melting of old metasomatized lithospheric mantle: Manitdlat Member, Vaigat Formation, Palaeocene of West Greenland. J. Petrol. 44, 3–38 (2003).
Weir, N. R. et al. Crustal structure of the northern Reykjanes Ridge and Reykjanes Peninsula, southwest Iceland. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 106, 6347–6368 (2001).
Radu, I. B. et al. Water in clinopyroxene from the 2021 Geldingadalir eruption of the Fagradalsfjall Fires, SW-Iceland. Bull. Volcanol. 85, 31 (2023).
Day, J. M. D., Walker, R. J. & Warren, J. M. 186Os–187Os and highly siderophile element abundance systematics of the mantle revealed by abyssal peridotites and Os-rich alloys. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 200, 232–254 (2017).
Blusztajn, J., Hart, S. R., Ravizza, G. & Dick, H. J. B. Platinum-group elements and Os isotopic characteristics of the lower oceanic crust. Chem. Geol. 168, 113–122 (2000).
Peucker‐Ehrenbrink, B., Bach, W., Hart, S. R., Blusztajn, J. S. & Abbruzzese, T. Rhenium‐osmium isotope systematics and platinum group element concentrations in oceanic crust from DSDP/ODP Sites 504 and 417/418. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 4, 8911 (2003).
Foulger, G. R. Older crust underlies Iceland. Geophys. J. Int. 165, 672–676 (2006).
Torsvik, T. H. et al. Continental crust beneath southeast Iceland. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 112, E1818–E1827 (2015).
Dale, C. W. et al. Highly siderophile element behaviour accompanying subduction of oceanic crust: whole rock and mineral-scale insights from a high-pressure terrain. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73, 1394–1416 (2009).
Heinonen, J. S., Luttinen, A. V., Spera, F. J. & Bohrson, W. A. Deep open storage and shallow closed transport system for a continental flood basalt sequence revealed with Magma Chamber Simulator. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 174, 1–18 (2019).
Gleeson, M. L., Lissenberg, C. J. & Antoshechkina, P. M. Porosity evolution of mafic crystal mush during reactive flow. Nat. Commun. 14, 3088 (2023).
Thirlwall, M. F. et al. Low δ18O in the Icelandic mantle and its origins: evidence from Reykjanes Ridge and Icelandic lavas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70, 993–1019 (2006).
Hartley, M. & Maclennan, J. Magmatic densities control erupted volumes in Icelandic volcanic systems. Front. Earth Sci. 6, 29 (2018).
Condomines, M. et al. Helium, oxygen, strontium and neodymium isotopic relationships in Icelandic volcanics. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 66, 125–136 (1983).
Pedersen, G. B. et al. Lava flow hazard modelling during the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption, Iceland: applications of MrLavaLoba. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss. 2022, 1–38 (2022).
Árnadóttir, T., Geirsson, H. & Jiang, W. Crustal deformation in Iceland: plate spreading and earthquake deformation. Jökull 58, 59–74 (2008).
Momme, P., Óskarsson, N. & Keays, R. R. Platinum-group elements in the Icelandic rift system: melting processes and mantle sources beneath Iceland. Chem. Geol. 196, 209–234 (2003).
Nicklas, R. W., Brandon, A. D., Waight, T. E., Puchtel, I. S. & Day, J. M. D. High-precision Pb and Hf isotope and highly siderophile element abundance systematics of high-MgO Icelandic lavas. Chem. Geol. 582, 120436 (2021).
Day, J. M. D., Peters, B. J. & Janney, P. E. Oxygen isotope systematics of South African olivine melilitites and implications for HIMU mantle reservoirs. Lithos 202, 76–84 (2014).
Tait, K. T. & Day, J. M. D. Chondritic late accretion to Mars and the nature of shergottite reservoirs. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 494, 99–108 (2018).
Day, J. M. D., Waters, C. L., Schaefer, B. F., Walker, R. J. & Turner, S. Use of hydrofluoric acid desilicification in the determination of highly siderophile element abundances and Re‐Pt‐Os isotope systematics in mafic‐ultramafic rocks. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 40, 49–65 (2016).
Meisel, T. & Moser, J. Platinum group element and rhenium concentrations in low abundance reference materials. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 28, 233–250 (2004).
Shinotsuka, K. & Suzuki, K. Simultaneous determination of platinum group elements and rhenium in rock samples using isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after cation exchange separation followed by solvent extraction. Anal. Chim. Acta 603, 129–139 (2007).
Li, J. et al. Determination of platinum-group elements and Re-Os isotopes using ID-ICP-MS and N-TIMS from a single digestion after two-stage column separation. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 38, 37–50 (2013).
Chu, Z. et al. A comprehensive method for precise determination of Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd concentrations and Os isotopic compositions in geological samples. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 39, 151–169 (2014).
Day, J. M. D., Nutt, K. L., Mendenhall, B. & Peters, B. J. Temporally variable crustal contributions to primitive mantle-derived Columbia River Basalt Group magmas. Chem. Geol. 572, 120197 (2021).
Durkin, K., Day, J. M. D., Panter, K. S., Xu, J.-F. & Castillo, P. R. Petrogenesis of alkaline magmas across a continent to ocean transect, northern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Chem. Geol. 641, 121780 (2023).
Mundl-Petermeier, A. et al. Temporal evolution of primordial tungsten-182 and 3He/4He signatures in the Iceland mantle plume. Chem. Geol. 525, 245–259 (2019).
Martin, C. E. Osmium isotopic characteristics of mantle-derived rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 1421–1434 (1991).
Pegram, W. J. & Allègre, C. J. Osmium isotopic compositions from oceanic basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 111, 59–68 (1992).
Roy-Barman, M. & Allègre, C. J. 187Os/186Os in oceanic island basalts: tracing oceanic crust recycling in the mantle. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 129, 145–161 (1995).
Jackson, M. G. et al. Globally elevated titanium, tantalum, and niobium (TITAN) in ocean island basalts with high 3He/4He. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 9, Q04027 (2008).
Debaille, V. et al. Primitive off-rift basalts from Iceland and Jan Mayen: Os-isotopic evidence for a mantle source containing enriched subcontinental lithosphere. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 73, 3423–3449 (2009).
Brandon, A. D., Graham, D. W., Waight, T. & Gautason, B. 186Os and 187Os enrichments and high-3He/4He sources in the Earth’s mantle: evidence from Icelandic picrites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71, 4570–4591 (2007).
Smit, Y. The Snaefellsnes Transect: A Geochemical Cross-section Through the Iceland Plume. PhD thesis, Open University (2004).
Reisberg, L. et al. Os isotope systematics in ocean island basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 120, 149–167 (1993).
Eiler, J. M., Grönvold, K. & Kitchen, N. Oxygen isotope evidence for the origin of chemical variations in lavas from Theistareykir volcano in Iceland’s northern volcanic zone. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 184, 269–286 (2000).
Slater, L., McKenzie, D., Gronvold, K. & Shimizu, N. Melt generation and movement beneath Theistareykir, NE Iceland. J. Petrol. 42, 321–354 (2001).
Breddam, K. Kistufell: primitive melt from the Iceland mantle plume. J. Petrol. 43, 345–373 (2002).
Peate, D. W. et al. Historic magmatism on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: a snap-shot of melt generation at a ridge segment. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 157, 359–382 (2009).
Day, J. M. D., Pearson, D. G., Macpherson, C. G., Lowry, D. & Carracedo, J. C. Evidence for distinct proportions of subducted oceanic crust and lithosphere in HIMU-type mantle beneath El Hierro and La Palma, Canary Islands. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74, 6565–6589 (2010).
Luguet, A. et al. Enriched Pt-Re-Os isotope systematics in plume lavas explained by metasomatic sulfides. Science 319, 453–456 (2008).
Kempton, P. D. & Hunter, A. G. A Sr-, Nd-, Pb-, O-isotope study of plutonic rocks from MARK, Leg 153: implications for mantle heterogeneity and magma chamber processes. Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results Leg 153 – Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 305–319 (1997).
Coogan, L. A. The lower oceanic crust. Treatise Geochem. 2, 497–541 (2014).
More News
A small fix to cut beer intake: downsize the pint
Where did viruses come from? AlphaFold and other AIs are finding answers
Daily briefing: Common diabetes drug slows monkey brain-ageing