Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Kevin W. Ng, George Young, Nikhil Faulkner, Jan Attig & George Kassiotis
Oncogene Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Jesse Boumelha, Miriam Molina-Arcas, Sophie de Carné Trécesson, Panayiotis Anastasiou & Julian Downward
Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Katey S. S. Enfield, Oriol Pich, Takahiro Karasaki, David A. Moore, Clare Puttick, Thomas B. K. Watkins, Sophia Ward, Alexander M. Frankell, Maise Al Bakir, Emilia L. Lim, Mark S. Hill, Gareth A. Wilson, Daniel E. Cook, Nicolai J. Birkbak, Andrew Rowan, Ariana Huebner, Brittany B. Campbell, Chris Bailey, Claudia Lee, Dhruva Biswas, Emma Colliver, Foteini Athanasopoulou, Haoran Zhai, Jayant K. Rane, Kristiana Grigoriadis, Michelle Dietzen, Michelle Leung, Mihaela Angelova, Olivia Lucas, Othman Al-Sawaf, Rachel Rosenthal, Crispin T. Hiley & Charles Swanton
Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Jorge Almagro & Axel Behrens
Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Hongui Cha, Hyemin Kim & Se-Hoon Lee
Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Hongui Cha, Takahiro Karasaki, David A. Moore, Monica Sivakumar, Carlos Martínez-Ruiz, Clare Puttick, James R. M. Black, Selvaraju Veeriah, Neil Magno, Sophia Ward, Alexander M. Frankell, Maise Al Bakir, Emilia L. Lim, Nicolai J. Birkbak, Ariana Huebner, Dhruva Biswas, Foteini Athanasopoulou, Haoran Zhai, Kristiana Grigoriadis, Michelle Dietzen, Michelle Leung, Olivia Lucas, Othman Al-Sawaf, Abigail Bunkum, Antonia Toncheva, Christopher Abbosh, Corentin Richard, Cristina Naceur-Lombardelli, Francisco Gimeno-Valiente, Jie Min Lam, Kerstin Thol, Krupa Thakkar, Mariana Werner Sunderland, Martin D. Forster, Nnennaya Kanu, Paulina Prymas, Robert Bentham, Sadegh Saghafinia, Sergio A. Quezada, Sharon Vanloo, Simone Zaccaria, Siow Ming Lee, Sonya Hessey, Wing Kin Liu, Crispin T. Hiley, Kevin Litchfield, Nicholas McGranahan, Mariam Jamal-Hanjani & Charles Swanton
Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Takahiro Karasaki, Othman Al-Sawaf, Abigail Bunkum, Jie Min Lam, Sonya Hessey, Wing Kin Liu & Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
David A. Moore, Elaine Borg, Mary Falzon, Reena Khiroya & Teresa Marafioti
Department of Pathology, ZAS Hospitals, Antwerp, Belgium
Roberto Salgado
Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Queensland, Australia
Roberto Salgado
Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
George Young
Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Annika Fendler, Lewis Au, Scott T. C. Shepherd, Fiona Byrne, Benjamin Shum, Camille L. Gerard & Samra Turajlic
Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
Lewis Au, Scott T. C. Shepherd, Nadia Yousaf, Laura Amanda Boos, Benjamin Shum, Andreas M. Schmitt, Kate Young, Andrew J. S. Furness, Lisa Pickering, James Larkin & Samra Turajlic
Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Carlos Martínez-Ruiz, Clare Puttick, James R. M. Black, Ariana Huebner, Kristiana Grigoriadis, Michelle Dietzen, Michelle Leung, Kerstin Thol, Robert Bentham & Nicholas McGranahan
Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Seohee Shim & Se-Hoon Lee
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
Nikhil Faulkner & Andrew G. Nicholson
Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Sophia Ward, Foteini Athanasopoulou & Jerome Nicod
Lung Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
Nadia Yousaf & Sanjay Popat
Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Sanjay Popat
Cancer Research UK and University College London Cancer Trials Centre, London, UK
Allan Hackshaw, Abigail Sharp, Camilla Pilotti, Harjot Kaur Dhanda, Kitty Chan, Nicole Gower, Rachel Leslie & Sean Smith
Tumour Immunogenomics and Immunosurveillance Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Kevin Litchfield
Department of Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
Olivia Lucas, Jie Min Lam, Martin D. Forster, Siow Ming Lee, Dionysis Papadatos-Pastos, James Wilson, Sarah Benafif, Tanya Ahmad, Mariam Jamal-Hanjani & Charles Swanton
Melanoma and Kidney Cancer Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
James Larkin & Samra Turajlic
Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Robert J. Wilkinson & George Kassiotis
Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Dhruva Biswas & Javier Herrero
University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Jayant K. Rane, Angeliki Karamani, Benny Chain, David R. Pearce, Despoina Karagianni, Elena Hoxha, Felip Gálvez-Cancino, Georgia Stavrou, Gerasimos Mastrokalos, Helen L. Lowe, Ignacio Matos, James L. Reading, John A. Hartley, Kayalvizhi Selvaraju, Kezhong Chen, Leah Ensell, Mansi Shah, Marcos Vasquez, Maria Litovchenko, Olga Chervova, Piotr Pawlik, Robert E. Hynds, Saioa López, Samuel Gamble, Seng Kuong Anakin Ung, Supreet Kaur Bola, Thanos P. Mourikis, Victoria Spanswick & Yin Wu
Computational Cancer Genomics Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Olivia Lucas, Abigail Bunkum, Simone Zaccaria & Sonya Hessey
Immune Regulation and Tumour Immunotherapy Group, Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Sergio A. Quezada
Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Andrew G. Nicholson
Academic Division of Thoracic Surgery, Imperial College London, London, UK
Eric Lim
Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Eric Lim, Alexandra Rice, Anand Devaraj, Chiara Proli, Daniel Kaniu, Harshil Bhayani, Hema Chavan, Hilgardt Raubenheimer, Lyn Ambrose, Mpho Malima, Nadia Fernandes, Paulo De Sousa, Pratibha Shah, Sarah Booth, Silviu I. Buderi, Simon Jordan & Sofina Begum
Cancer Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Carla Castignani, Elizabeth Larose Cadieux, Jonas Demeulemeester & Peter Van Loo
Medical Genomics, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Carla Castignani, Elizabeth Larose Cadieux, Miljana Tanić & Stephan Beck
Integrative Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Jonas Demeulemeester
VIB–KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium
Jonas Demeulemeester
Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Peter Van Loo
Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Peter Van Loo
Cancer Immunology Unit, Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Karl S. Peggs
Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
Karl S. Peggs
Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
Catarina Veiga
Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
Gary Royle
Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
Charles-Antoine Collins-Fekete
Department of Radiology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
Alexander James Procter, Arjun Nair, Asia Ahmed & Magali N. Taylor
UCL Respiratory, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
Arjun Nair
Department of Thoracic Medicine, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
Neal Navani & Ricky M. Thakrar
Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
Neal Navani, Ricky M. Thakrar & Sam M. Janes
Department of Thoracic Surgery, University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
David Lawrence & Davide Patrini
Experimental Histopathology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Emma Nye & Richard Kevin Stone
Independent Cancer Patients’ Voice, London, UK
David Chuter & Mairead MacKenzie
Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
Francesco Fraioli
Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
Paul Ashford
Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Miljana Tanić
Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Ekaterini Boleti
The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Aengus Stewart, Alastair Magness, Clare E. Weeden, Dina Levi, Eva Grönroos, Jacki Goldman, Mickael Escudero, Philip Hobson, Roberto Vendramin, Stefan Boeing, Tamara Denner, Vittorio Barbè, Wei-Ting Lu, William Hill, Yutaka Naito & Zoe Ramsden
The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Anca Grapa, Hanyun Zhang, Khalid AbdulJabbar & Xiaoxi Pan
The Whittington Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
Kayleigh Gilbert
University College London Hospitals, London, UK
Emilie Martinoni Hoogenboom, Fleur Monk, James W. Holding, Junaid Choudhary, Kunal Bhakhri, Marco Scarci, Martin Hayward, Nikolaos Panagiotopoulos, Pat Gorman, Robert C. M. Stephens, Steve Bandula & Yien Ning Sophia Wong
University College London, London, UK
Tristan Clark
Aberdeen Royal Infirmary NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
Heather Cheyne, Mohammed Khalil, Shirley Richardson & Tracey Cruickshank
Birmingham Acute Care Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Babu Naidu
Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Gurdeep Matharu, Jacqui A. Shaw, Joan Riley & Lindsay Primrose
Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
John Le Quesne & Kevin G. Blyth
Pathology Department, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
John Le Quesne
School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
John Le Quesne & Kevin G. Blyth
Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
Kevin G. Blyth
Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Alastair Kerr, Alexandra Clipson, Anshuman Chaturvedi, Caroline Dive, Dominic G. Rothwell, Elaine Kilgour, Jonathan Tugwood, Lynsey Priest, Pedro Oliveira & Philip Crosbie
Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Alastair Kerr, Alexandra Clipson, Caroline Dive, Dominic G. Rothwell, Elaine Kilgour & Jonathan Tugwood
The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
Anshuman Chaturvedi, Lynsey Priest, Pedro Oliveira, Fabio Gomes, Kate Brown & Mathew Carter
Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Philip Crosbie
Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe, UK
Philip Crosbie, Angeles Montero, Elaine Smith, Eustace Fontaine, Felice Granato, Helen Doran, Juliette Novasio, Kendadai Rammohan, Leena Joseph, Paul Bishop, Rajesh Shah, Stuart Moss & Vijay Joshi
Department of Medical Oncology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
Gillian Price
University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
Gillian Price & Keith M. Kerr
Department of Oncology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
Judith Cave
Department of Pathology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary NHS Grampian, Aberdeen, UK
Keith M. Kerr
Division of Cancer Sciences, The University of Manchester and The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
Colin R. Lindsay, Fiona H. Blackhall, Matthew G. Krebs & Yvonne Summers
Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, UK
Alan Kirk, Mathew Thomas, Mo Asif, Nikos Kostoulas & Rocco Bilancia
Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
Gary Middleton
University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
Gary Middleton, Akshay J. Patel, Aya Osman, Christer Lacson, Gerald Langman, Helen Shackleford, Madava Djearaman & Salma Kadiri
Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Michael J. Shackcloth
Manchester Cancer Research Centre Biobank, Manchester, UK
Angela Leek, Jack Davies Hodgkinson & Nicola Totten
NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
Craig Dick
Princess Alexandra Hospital, The Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow, UK
Lily Robinson & Peter Russell
Royal Surrey Hospital, Royal Surrey Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Guilford, UK
Madeleine Hewish
University of Surrey, Guilford, UK
Madeleine Hewish
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
Sarah Danson
Singleton Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
Jason F. Lester
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
Aiman Alzetani, Jennifer Richards, Lydia Scarlett, Papawadee Ingram, Serena Chee & Silvia Austin
University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
Amrita Bajaj, Apostolos Nakas, Azmina Sodha-Ramdeen, Dean A. Fennell, Keng Ang, Mohamad Tufail, Mohammed Fiyaz Chowdhry, Molly Scotland, Rebecca Boyles & Sridhar Rathinam
University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Dean A. Fennell, Claire Wilson, Domenic Marrone & Sean Dulloo
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM) Program, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Hugo J. W. L. Aerts
Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Hugo J. W. L. Aerts
Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, CARIM & GROW, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Hugo J. W. L. Aerts
Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
Tom L. Kaufmann
Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data (BIFOLD), Berlin, Germany
Tom L. Kaufmann & Roland F. Schwarz
Institute for Computational Cancer Biology, Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), Cancer Research Center Cologne Essen (CCCE), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Roland F. Schwarz
Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Judit Kisistok & Mateo Sokac
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Judit Kisistok & Mateo Sokac
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Judit Kisistok & Mateo Sokac
Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Miklos Diossy & Zoltan Szallasi
Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
Miklos Diossy & Zoltan Szallasi
Department of Physics of Complex Systems, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Miklos Diossy
Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Zoltan Szallasi
Department of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Krijn Dijkstra
Oncode Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Krijn Dijkstra
The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Yinyin Yuan
Department of Radiology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Christina Messiou
Gastrointestinal Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
David Cunningham, Ian Chau, Naureen Starling & Sacheen Kumar
Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Nicholas Turner & Alicia Okines
Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Nicholas Turner
Neuro-oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Liam Welsh
Sarcoma Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Robin L. Jones
Palliative Medicine, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Joanne Droney
Gynaecology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Susana Banerjee
Anaesthetics, Perioperative Medicine and Pain Department, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Kate C. Tatham, Shaman Jhanji & Katalin A. Wilkinson
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
Kate C. Tatham
Head and Neck Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Kevin Harrington
Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Kevin Harrington
Acute Oncology Service, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Alicia Okines
Uro-oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Alison Reid
Haemato-oncology Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Emma Nicholson
Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
Katalin A. Wilkinson & Robert J. Wilkinson
Division of Genetics and Epidemiology and Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Anthony Swerdlow
Wellcome Center for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
Robert J. Wilkinson
K.W.N., J.B. and K.S.S.E. conceived the study, designed and performed experiments and bioinformatic analyses, interpreted data and wrote the manuscript. J. Almagro and P.A. performed three- and two-dimensional immunofluorescence and imaging. H.C., O.P., T.K., G.Y. and J. Attig designed, carried out and/or interpreted bioinformatic analyses. D.A.M., R.S. and M.S. generated and interpreted histopathology data. M.M.-A., S.d.C.T. and N.F. contributed to in vivo experiments. A.F., L.A., S.T.C.S., S.V., N. Magno, H.K. and S.S. acquired, provided and oversaw patient materials. S.W. led the library preparation and genomic sequencing. O.P., T.K., C.M.-R., C.P., J.R.M.B., T.B.K.W., A.M.F., M.A.B., E.L.L., M.S.H., G.A.W., D.C. and N.J.B. contributed to bioinformatics pipeline development, data quality control and processing, and/or design of bioinformatic analyses. T.K., D.A.M. and M.A.B. collated clinical data for TRACERx. A.B., N.Y., S.P., A.H., C.T.H., K.L., N. McGranahan, M.J.-H., J.L., S.-H.L. and S.T. supervised experiments and data analysis, coordinated the clinical trials and/or provided patient samples and data. C.S., J.D. and G.K. conceived and supervised the study, interpreted data and wrote the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.
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