Pan, Y. et al. A large and persistent carbon sink in the world’s forests. Science 333, 988–993 (2011).
Bradford, M. A. et al. Climate fails to predict wood decomposition at regional scales. Nat. Clim. Change 4, 625–630 (2014).
Chambers, J. Q., Higuchi, N., Schimel, J. P. J., Ferreira, L. V. & Melack, J. M. Decomposition and carbon cycling of dead trees in tropical forests of the central Amazon. Oecologia 122, 380–388 (2000).
González, G. et al. Decay of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) wood in moist and dry boreal, temperate, and tropical forest fragments. Ambio 37, 588–597 (2008).
Stokland, J., Siitonen, J. & Jonsson, B. G. Biodiversity in Dead Wood (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2012).
Lustenhouwer, N. et al. A trait-based understanding of wood decomposition by fungi. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 11551–11558 (2020).
Ulyshen, M. D. Wood decomposition as influenced by invertebrates. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 91, 70–85 (2016).
Pretzsch, H., Biber, P., Schütze, G., Uhl, E. & Rötzer, T. Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870. Nat. Commun. 5, 4967 (2014).
Büntgen, U. et al. Limited capacity of tree growth to mitigate the global greenhouse effect under predicted warming. Nat. Commun. 10, 2171 (2019).
Seidl, R. et al. Forest disturbances under climate change. Nat. Clim. Change 7, 395–402 (2017).
Hubau, W. et al. Asynchronous carbon sink saturation in African and Amazonian tropical forests. Nature 579, 80–87 (2020).
Portillo-Estrada, M. et al. Climatic controls on leaf litter decomposition across European forests and grasslands revealed by reciprocal litter transplantation experiments. Biogeosciences 13, 1621–1633 (2016).
Christenson, L. et al. Winter climate change influences on soil faunal distribution and abundance: implications for decomposition in the northern forest. Northeast. Nat. 24, B209–B234 (2017).
Keenan, T. F. et al. Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise. Nature 499, 324–327 (2013).
Stephenson, N. L. et al. Rate of tree carbon accumulation increases continuously with tree size. Nature 507, 90–93 (2014).
Martin, A., Dimke, G., Doraisami, M. & Thomas, S. Carbon fractions in the world’s dead wood. Nat. Commun. 12, 889 (2021).
Friedlingstein, P. et al. Global carbon budget 2019. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11, 1783–1838 (2019).
Marshall, D. J., Pettersen, A. K., Bode, M. & White, C. R. Developmental cost theory predicts thermal environment and vulnerability to global warming. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 4, 406–411 (2020).
Buczkowski, G. & Bertelsmeier, C. Invasive termites in a changing climate: a global perspective. Ecol. Evol. 7, 974–985 (2017).
Diaz, S., Settele, J. & Brondizio, E. Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services of the Intergovermental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, 2019).
van Klink, R. et al. Meta-analysis reveals declines in terrestrial but increases in freshwater insect abundances. Science 368, 417–420 (2020).
Seibold, S. et al. Arthropod decline in grasslands and forests is associated with landscape-level drivers. Nature 574, 671–674 (2019).
Harris, N. L. et al. Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes. Nat. Clim. Change 11, 234–240 (2021).
Jacobsen, R. M., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., Kauserud, H., Mundra, S. & Birkemoe, T. Exclusion of invertebrates influences saprotrophic fungal community and wood decay rate in an experimental field study. Funct. Ecol. 32, 2571–2582 (2018).
Skelton, J. et al. Fungal symbionts of bark and ambrosia beetles can suppress decomposition of pine sapwood by competing with wood-decay fungi. Fungal Ecol. 45, 100926 (2020).
Wu, D., Seibold, S., Ruan, Z., Weng, C. & Yu, M. Island size affects wood decomposition by changing decomposer distribution. Ecography 44, 456–468 (2021).
Harmon, M. E. et al. Release of coarse woody detritus-related carbon: a synthesis across forest biomes. Carbon Balance Manag. 15, 1 (2020).
Wall, D. H. et al. Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate-dependent. Glob. Change Biol. 14, 2661–2677 (2008).
Gillooly, J. F., Brown, J. H., West, G. B., Savage, V. M. & Charnov, E. L. Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate. Science 293, 2248–2251 (2001).
Baldrian, P. et al. Responses of the extracellular enzyme activities in hardwood forest to soil temperature and seasonality and the potential effects of climate change. Soil Biol. Biochem. 56, 60–68 (2013).
A’Bear, A. D., Jones, T. H., Kandeler, E. & Boddy, L. Interactive effects of temperature and soil moisture on fungal-mediated wood decomposition and extracellular enzyme activity. Soil Biol. Biochem. 70, 151–158 (2014).
IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (IPCC, 2014).
Smyth, C. E., Kurz, W. A., Trofymow, J. A. & CIDET Working Group. Including the effects of water stress on decomposition in the Carbon Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector CBM-CFS3. Ecol. Modell. 222, 1080–1091 (2011).
Weedon, J. T. et al. Global meta-analysis of wood decomposition rates: a role for trait variation among tree species? Ecol. Lett. 12, 45–56 (2009).
Griffiths, H. M., Ashton, L. A., Evans, T. A., Parr, C. L. & Eggleton, P. Termites can decompose more than half of deadwood in tropical rainforest. Curr. Biol. 29, R118–R119 (2019).
Birkemoe, T., Jacobsen, R. M., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A. & Biedermann, P. H. W. in Saproxylic Insects (ed. Ulyshen, M. D.) 377–427 (Springer, 2018).
Harvell, M. C. E. et al. Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota. Science 296, 2158–2162 (2002).
Berkov, A. in Saproxylic Insects (ed. Ulyshen, M. D.) 547–580 (Springer, 2018).
Wang, C., Bond-Lamberty, B. & Gower, S. T. Environmental controls on carbon dioxide flux from black spruce coarse woody debris. Oecologia 132, 374–381 (2002).
Peršoh, D. & Borken, W. Impact of woody debris of different tree species on the microbial activity and community of an underlying organic horizon. Soil Biol. Biochem. 115, 516–525 (2017).
Campbell, J., Donato, D., Azuma, D. & Law, B. Pyrogenic carbon emission from a large wildfire in Oregon, United States. J. Geophys. Res. 112, G04014 (2007).
van Leeuwen, T. T. et al. Biomass burning fuel consumption rates: a field measurement database. Biogeosciences 11, 7305–7329 (2014).
McDowell, N. G. et al. Pervasive shifts in forest dynamics in a changing world. Science 368, eaaz9463 (2020).
Ulyshen, M. D. & Wagner, T. L. Quantifying arthropod contributions to wood decay. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 345–352 (2013).
Bässler, C., Heilmann-Clausen, J., Karasch, P., Brandl, R. & Halbwachs, H. Ectomycorrhizal fungi have larger fruit bodies than saprotrophic fungi. Fungal Ecol. 17, 205–212 (2015).
Ryvarden, L. & Gilbertson, R. L. The Polyporaceae of Europe (Fungiflora, 1994).
Eriksson, J. & Ryvarden, L. The Corticiaceae of North Europe Parts 1–8 (Fungiflora, 1987).
Boddy, L., Hynes, J., Bebber, D. P. & Fricker, M. D. Saprotrophic cord systems: dispersal mechanisms in space and time. Mycoscience 50, 9–19 (2009).
Moore, D. Fungal Morphogenesis (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).
Clemencon, H. Anatomy of the Hymenomycetes (Univ. Lausanne, 1997).
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020).
Fick, S. E. & Hijmans, R. J. WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int. J. Climatol. 37, 4302–4315 (2017).
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. & Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw. 67, 1–48 (2015).
Wood, S. N. Generalized Additive Models: an Introduction with R 2nd edn (Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2017).
Robinson, D. Implications of a large global root biomass for carbon sink estimates and for soil carbon dynamics. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 2753–2759 (2007).
Food and Agriculture Organization. Global Ecological Zones for FAO Forest Reporting: 2010 Update, Forest Resource Assessment Working Paper (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2012).
Food and Agriculture Organization. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2016).
Christensen, M. et al. Dead wood in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest reserves. For. Eco. Man. 210, 267–282 (2005).
Kobayashi, T. et al. Production of global land cover data – GLCNMO2013. J. Geogr. Geol. 9, 1–15 (2017).
Harmon, M. E., Woodall, C. W., Fasth, B., Sexton, J. & Yatkov, M. Differences between Standing and Downed Dead Tree Wood Density Reduction Factors: A Comparison across Decay Classes and Tree Species Research Paper NRS-15 (US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2011).
Hararuk, O., Kurz, W. A. & Didion, M. Dynamics of dead wood decay in Swiss forests. For. Ecosyst. 7, 36 (2020).
Gora, E. M., Kneale, R. C., Larjavaara, M. & Muller-Landau, H. C. Dead wood necromass in a moist tropical forest: stocks, fluxes, and spatiotemporal variability. Ecosystems 22, 1189–1205 (2019).
Hérault, B. et al. Modeling decay rates of dead wood in a neotropical forest. Oecologia 164, 243–251 (2010).
Thünen-Institut für Waldökosysteme. Der Wald in Deutschland – Ausgewählte Ergebnisse der dritten Bundeswaldinventur (Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, 2014).
Puletti, N. et al. A dataset of forest volume deadwood estimates for Europe. Ann. For. Sci. 76, 68 (2019).
Richardson, S. J. et al. Deadwood in New Zealand’s indigenous forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 258, 2456–2466 (2009).
Shorohova, E. & Kapitsa, E. Stand and landscape scale variability in the amount and diversity of coarse woody debris in primeval European boreal forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 356, 273–284 (2015).
Szymañski, C., Fontana, G. & Sanguinetti, J. Natural and anthropogenic influences on coarse woody debris stocks in Nothofagus–Araucaria forests of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Austral Ecol. 42, 48–60 (2017).
Link, K. G. et al. A local and global sensitivity analysis of a mathematical model of coagulation and platelet deposition under flow. PLoS One 13, e0200917 (2018).
Saugier, B., Roy, J. & Mooney, H. A. in Terrestrial Global Productivity (eds J. Roy, B. Saugier & H. A. Mooney) 543–557 (Academic Press, 2001).
More News
China’s Chang’e-6 launches successfully — what happens next?
African wild dogs with pleading eyes sparks rethink of dog evolution
Author Correction: Stepwise activation of a metabotropic glutamate receptor – Nature